The manual techniques used to locate the product key for older versions of Windows won't work in Windows 7. Those manual procedures will only locate the product ID number for Windows 7, not the actual product key used for installation. So if you've done this kind of thing before in Windows XP or Vista, you'll need to instead use the process outlined below. Two somewhat contradictory sides of the new Supreme Court were on display Tuesday: The justices extended their efforts to maintain a low-key term mostly free of hot-button issues, while at the.
-->You can connect other devices to your Microsoft Surface Hub to display content. This topic describes the Guest Mode, Replacement PC Mode, and Video Out functionality available through wired connections, and also lists accessories that you can connect to Surface Hub using Bluetooth.
Note
Surface Hub will use the video input that you select until a new connection is made, the existing connection is disrupted, or the Connect App is closed.
Which method should I choose?
When connecting external devices and displays to a Surface Hub, there are several available options. The method you use will depend upon your scenario and needs.
When you want to: | Use this method: |
---|---|
Mirror the Surface Hub's display on another device. | Video Out |
Present another device's display on the Surface Hub screen and interact with both the device's content and the built-in Surface Hub experience. | Guest Mode |
Power the Surface Hub from an external Windows 10 PC, turning off the embedded computer of the Surface Hub. Cameras, microphones, speakers, and other peripherals, are sent to the external PC, in addition to pen and touch. | Replacement PC Mode |
Guest Mode
Guest Mode uses a wired connection, so people can display content from their devices to the Surface Hub. If the source device is Windows-based, that device can also provide Touchback and Inkback. Surface Hub's internal PC takes video and audio from the connected device and presents them on the Surface Hub. If Surface Hub encounters a High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) signal, the source will be displayed as a black image. To display your content without violating HDCP requirements, use the keypad on the right side of the Surface Hub to directly choose the external source.
Note
When an HDCP source is connected, use the side keypad to change source inputs.
Ports
![Sprint magic box error codes Sprint magic box error codes](/uploads/1/2/5/8/125865960/742275031.jpg)
Use these ports on the Surface Hub for Guest Mode.
Interface | Type | Description | Capabilities |
---|---|---|---|
Display Port 1.1a | Video input | Guest input #1 |
|
HDMI 1.4 | Video input | Guest input #2 |
|
VGA | Video input | Guest input #3 |
|
3.5 mm jack | Audio input | Analog audio input |
|
USB 2.0, type B | USB out | Touchback |
|
Port locations
![Sprint magic box troubleshooting Sprint magic box troubleshooting](/uploads/1/2/5/8/125865960/224449010.png)
These are the port connections used for Guest Mode on the 55' and 84' Surface Hubs.
Wired port connections on 55' Surface Hub
Wired port connections on 84' Surface Hub
Port enumeration
When a Surface hub is connected to a guest computer with the wired connect USB port, a number of USB devices are discovered and configured. These peripheral devices are created for Touchback and Inkback. The peripheral devices can be viewed in Device Manager. Device Manager will show duplicate names for some devices.
Human interface devices
- HID-compliant consumer control device
- HID-compliant pen
- HID-compliant pen (duplicate item)
- HID-compliant pen (duplicate item)
- HID-compliant touch screen
- USB Input Device
- USB Input Device (duplicate item)
Keyboards
- Standard PS/2 keyboard
Mice and other pointing devices
- HID-compliant mouse
Universal serial bus controllers
- Generic USB hub
- USB composite device
Guest Mode connectivity
Your choice of video cable will be determined by what is available from your source input. The Surface Hub has three choices of video input: DisplayPort, HDMI, and VGA. See the following chart for available resolutions.
Signal Type | Resolution | Frame rate | HDMI - RGB | DisplayPort | VGA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC | 640 x 480 | 59.94/60 | X | X | X |
PC | 720 x 480 | 59.94/60 | X | X | |
PC | 1024 x 768 | 60 | X | X | X |
HDTV | 720p | 59.94/60 | X | X | X |
HDTV | 1080p | 59.94/60 | X | X | X |
Source audio is provided by DisplayPort and HDMI cables. If you must use VGA, Surface Hub has an audio input port that uses a 3.5 mm plug. Surface Hub also uses a USB cable that provides Touchback and Inkback from the Surface Hub to compatible Windows 10 devices. The USB cable can be used with any video input that is already connected with a cable.
Someone using Guest Mode to connect a PC would use one of these options:
DisplayPort -- DisplayPort cable and USB 2.0 cable
HDMI -- HDMI cable and USB 2.0 cable
VGA -- VGA cable, 3.5 mm audio cable, and USB 2.0 cable
If the computer you are using for Guest Mode is not compatible with Touchback and Inkback, then you won't need the USB cable.
Replacement PC Mode
In Replacement PC Mode, the embedded computer of the Surface Hub is turned off and an external PC is connected to the Surface Hub. Connections to replacement PC ports give access to key peripherals on the Surface Hub, including the screen, pen, and touch features. This does mean that your Surface Hub won’t have the benefit of the Windows Team experience, but you will have the flexibility offered by providing and managing your own Windows computer.
Software requirements
You can run Surface Hub in Replacement PC Mode with 64-bit versions of Windows 10 Home, Windows 10 Pro, and Windows 10 Enterprise. You can download the Surface Hub Replacement PC driver package from the Microsoft Download Center. We recommend that you install these drivers on any computer you plan to use as a replacement PC.
Hardware requirements
Surface Hub is compatible with a range of hardware. Choose the processor and memory confirmation for your replacement PC so that it supports the programs you'll be using. Your replacement PC hardware needs to support 64-bit versions of Windows 10.
Graphics adapter
In Replacement PC Mode, Surface Hub supports any graphics adapter that can produce a DisplayPort signal. You'll improve your experience with a graphics adapter that can match Surface Hub's resolution and refresh rate. For example, the best and recommended replacement PC experience on the Surface Hub is with a 120Hz video signal.
55' Surface Hubs - For best experience, use a graphics card capable of 1080p resolution at 120Hz.
84' Surface Hubs - For best experience, use a graphics card capable of outputting four DisplayPort 1.2 streams to produce 2160p at 120Hz (3840 x 2160 at 120Hz vertical refresh). We've verified that this works with the NVIDIA Quadro K2200, NVIDIA Quadro K4200, NVIDIA Quadro M6000, AMD FirePro W5100, AMD FirePro W7100, and AMD FirePro W9100. These are not the only graphics cards - others are available from other vendors.
Check directly with graphics card vendors for the latest drivers.
Graphics vendor | Driver download page |
---|---|
NVIDIA | |
AMD | |
Intel |
Ports
Replacement PC ports on 55' Surface Hub
Description | Type | Interface | Details |
---|---|---|---|
PC video | Video input | DP 1.2 |
|
Internal peripherals | USB output | USB 2.0 type B |
|
USB hub | USB output | USB 2.0 type B |
|
Replacement PC ports on 84' Surface Hub
Description | Type | Interface | Details |
---|---|---|---|
PC video | Video input | DP 1.2 (2x) |
|
Internal peripherals | USB output | USB 2.0 type B |
|
USB hub | USB output | USB 2.0 type B |
|
Replacement PC setup instructions
To use Replacement PC Mode
- Download and install the Surface Hub Replacement PC driver package on the replacement PC.NoteWe recommend that you set sleep or hibernation on the replacement PC so the Surface Hub will turn off the display when it isn't being used.
- Turn off the Surface Hub using the power switch next to the power cable.
- Connect the cables from the Surface Hub's replacement PC ports to the replacement PC. These ports are usually covered by a removable plastic cover.55' Surface Hub -- connect one DisplayPort cable, and two USB cables.84' Surface Hub -- connect two DisplayPort cables, and two USB cables.
- Toggle the Mode switch to Replacement PC. The Mode switch is next to the Replacement PC ports.
- Turn on the Surface Hub using the power switch next to the power cable.
- Press the power button on the right side of the Surface Hub.
You can switch the Surface Hub to use the internal PC.
To switch back to internal PC
- Turn off the Surface Hub using the power switch next to the power cable.
- Toggle the Mode switch to Internal PC. The Mode switch is next to the Replacement PC ports.
- Turn on the Surface Hub using the power switch next to the power cable.
Video Out
The Surface Hub includes a Video Out port for mirroring visual content from the Surface Hub to another display.
Ports
Video Out port on the 55' Surface Hub
Video Out port on the 84' Surface Hub
Description | Type | Interface | Capabilities |
---|---|---|---|
Video Output Mirror | Video Output | Video Output |
|
Cables
Both the 55” and 84” Surface Hub devices have been tested to work with Certified DisplayPort and HDMI cables. While vendors do sell longer cables that may work with the Surface Hub, only those cables that have been certified by testing labs are certain to work with the Hub. For example, DisplayPort cables are certified only up to 3 meters, however many vendors sell cables that are 3 times that length. If a long cable is necessary, we strongly suggest using HDMI. HDMI has many cost-effective solutions for long-haul cables, including the use of repeaters. Nearly every DisplayPort source will automatically switch to HDMI signaling if a HDMI sink is detected.
Bluetooth accessories
You can connect the following accessories to Surface Hub using Bluetooth:
- Mice
- Keyboards
- Headsets
- Speakers
Note
After you connect a Bluetooth headset or speaker, you might need to change the default microphone and speaker settings.
Symbolic representation of a KVM switch. The computer on the right is currently being controlled by the peripherals.
KVM switch
Industrial rack mount KVM showing console and computer ports for DVI and USB (keyboard/mouse)
A KVM switch (with KVM being an abbreviation for 'keyboard, video and mouse') is a hardware device that allows a user to control multiple computers from one or more[1] sets of keyboards, video monitors, and mice. Although multiple computers are connected to the KVM, typically a smaller number of computers can be controlled at any given time. Modern devices have also added the ability to share other peripherals like USB devices and audio.
- 8Remote KVM devices
- 8.2KVM over IP (IPKVM)
Etymology[edit]
Before the mouse became relevant in server switching applications, the term Keyboard Video Switch (KVS) was used to describe keyboard and monitor switching devices.[2] With the increased adoption of Microsoft Windows, the mouse and other I/O ports in peripheral switching became prevalent. Remigius Shatas, the founder of Cybex (a popular peripheral switch manufacturer at that time) expanded the initialism to Keyboard, Video and Mouse (KVM) in 1995. Some years later, Universal Serial Bus (USB) began to become the new industry standard for connecting computer peripherals.
As a result of the growing need to switch peripherals (such as touchscreens) in addition to the keyboard, mouse and monitor, some companies are now selling 'KVMP' switch devices (standing for keyboard, video, mouse and peripheral).
Types[edit]
With the popularity of USB—USB keyboards, mice, and I/O devices are still the most common devices connected to a KVM switch. The classes of KVM switches that are reviewed, are based on different types of core technologies in terms of how the KVM switch handles USB I/O devices—including keyboards, mice, touchscreen displays, etc. (USB-HID = USB Human Interface Device)
- USB Hub Based KVM
- Also called an Enumerated KVM switch, a connected/shared USB device must go through the full initiation process (USB enumeration)every time the KVM is switched to another target system/port. The switching to different ports is just as if you were to physically plug and unplug a USB device into your targeted system.
- Emulated USB KVM
- Dedicated USB console port(s) are assigned to emulate special sets of USB keyboard or mouse switching control information to each connected/targeted system. Emulated USB provides an instantaneous and reliable switching action that makes keyboard hotkeys and mouse switching possible. However, this class of KVM switch only uses generic emulations and consequently has only been able to support the most basic keyboard and mouse features.
- Semi-DDM USB KVM
- Dedicated USB console port(s) work with all USB-HID (including keyboard and mouse), but do not maintain the connected devices' presence to all of the targeted systems simultaneously. This class of KVM takes advantage of DDM (Dynamic Device Mapping) technology.
- DDM USB KVM
- Dedicated USB console port(s) work with all USB-HID (including keyboard and mouse) and maintain the connected devices special functions and characteristics to each connected/targeted system. This class of KVM switch overcomes the frustrating limitations of an Emulated USB Class KVM by emulating the true characters of the connected devices to all the computers simultaneously. This means that you can now use the extra function keys, wheels, buttons, and controls that are commonly found on modern keyboards and mice.[3]
Feature | Hub Base Class | Emulated Class | Semi-DDM Class | DDM Class |
---|---|---|---|---|
USB re-enumeration required | Required on every switch of port | No, only for keyboard/mouse | No, for all USB-HID | No, for all USB-HID |
Latency in sharing connected USB devices | Longest, depending on connected system's OS (about 10–15 seconds) | Short | Short | No Latency |
Supports Hot-Key Command | No | Yes, only on dedicated keyboard port | Yes, all the console Semi-DDM ports | Yes, all the console DDM ports |
Supports special keyboard and mouse functions | Limited* | No, only acts as standard keyboard/mouse | Yes | Yes |
Windows 7/Windows 8 showing correct connected devices | Limited* | No, shows as standard keyboard and mouse no matter what keyboard/mouse are connected to the KVM | Yes | Yes |
Windows7/Windows 8 built-in touchscreen monitor driver support | Limited* | No | Yes* | Yes |
Wireless combo keyboard and mouse support | Limited* | No | Yes* | Yes |
USB-HID (other than keyboard/mouse) support | Limited* | No | Yes* | Yes |
USB touchscreen sharing support | Limited* | No | Yes* | Yes |
Drawing tablet support | Limited* | No | Yes* | Yes |
USB wireless unifying receiver support | Limited* | No | Yes* | Yes |
Pros | Passes all signals between USB devices and target system/computer(s) | USB keyboard/mouse switching control, shorter switching time, Hot-Key Commands | Full USB keyboard/mouse switching control, DDM ports can work with all USB-HID class devices, Short switching time (latency: within 1 sec.), Hot-Key commands (apply to all USB Semi-DDM ports), Lower cost than Full DDM class switches | Full USB keyboard/mouse switching control, DDM ports can work with all USB-HID class devices, Shortest switching time (no latency), Hot-Key commands (apply to all USB DDM ports) |
Cons | Longest latency, delay in device availability, Can't use USB keyboard/mouse to control KVM switching process, No Hot-Key command, Generates HPD error when switching with particular OS's | Supports only limited/fixed general keyboard and mouse profiles, Special keyboard and mouse functions will not work, Can only share 'standard' USB keyboard/mouse, Can't share other USB-HID such as: touchscreen monitor, drawing tablet, etc., Generated HPD error while using other USB-HID | Still has latency when switching | Higher cost |
Limited*=supported, but does not allow USB re-enumeration, which not only causes long delays in switching, but also sometimes causes HPD (Hot-Plug Device) errors to the OS system(s).
Yes*=Latency time within 1 second while switching between channels/ports.
Use[edit]
A KVM Switch is a hardware device, used in data centers, that allows the control of multiple computers from a single keyboard, monitor and mouse (KVM). [4] This switch then allows data center personnel to connect to any server in the rack. A common example of home use is to enable the use of the full-size keyboard, mouse and monitor of the home PC with a portable device such as a laptop, tablet PC or PDA, or a computer using a different operating system.
KVM switches offer different methods of connecting the computers. Depending on the product, the switch may present native connectors on the device where standard keyboard, monitor and mouse cables can be attached. Another method to have a single DB25 or similar connector that aggregated connections at the switch with three independent keyboard, monitor and mouse cables to the computers. Subsequently, these were replaced by a special KVM cable which combined the keyboard, video and mouse cables in a single wrapped extension cable. The advantage of the last approach is in the reduction of the number of cables between the KVM switch and connected computers. The disadvantage is the cost of these cables.
The method of switching from one computer to another depends on the switch. The original peripheral switches (Rose, circa 1988) used a rotary switch while active electronic switches (Cybex, circa 1990) used push buttons on the KVM device. In both cases, the KVM aligns operation between different computers and the users' keyboard, monitor and mouse (user console).
In 1992-1993, Cybex Corporation engineered keyboard hot-key commands.[citation needed] Today, most KVMs are controlled through non-invasive hot-key commands (e.g. Ctrl+Ctrl, Scroll Lock+Scroll Lock and the Print Screen keys). Hot-key switching is often complemented with an on-screen display system that displays a list of connected computers.
KVM switches differ in the number of computers that can be connected. Traditional switching configurations range from 2 to 64 possible computers attached to a single device. Enterprise-grade devices interconnected via daisy-chained and/or cascaded methods can support a total of 512 computers equally accessed by any given user console.[5]
Video bandwidth[edit]
While HDMI, DisplayPort, and DVI switches have been manufactured, VGA is still the most common video connector found with KVM switches, although many switches are now compatible with DVI connectors. Analogue switches can be built with varying capacities for video bandwidth, affecting the unit's overall cost and quality. A typical consumer-grade switch provides up to 200 MHz bandwidth, allowing for high-definition resolutions at 60 Hz.
For analog video, resolution and refresh rate are the primary factors in determining the amount of bandwidth needed for the signal. The method of converting these factors into bandwidth requirements is a point of ambiguity, in part because it is dependent on the analogue nature and state of the hardware. The same piece of equipment may require more bandwidth as it ages due to increased degradation of the source signal. Most conversion formulas attempt to approximate the amount of bandwidth needed, including a margin of safety. As a rule of thumb, switch circuitry should provide up to three times the bandwidth required by the original signal specification, as this allows most instances of signal loss to be contained outside the range of the signal that is pertinent to picture quality.
As CRT-based displays are dependent on refresh rate to prevent flickering, they generally require more bandwidth than comparable flat panel displays.
Monitor[edit]
A monitor uses DDC and EDID, transmitted through specific pins, to identify itself to the system. KVM switches may have different ways of handling these data transmissions:
- None: the KVM switch lacks the circuitry to handle this data, and the monitor is not 'visible' to the system. The system may assume a generic monitor is attached and defaults to safe settings. Higher resolutions and refresh rates may need to be manually unlocked through the video driver as a safety precaution. However, certain applications (especially games) that depend on retrieving DDC/EDID information will not be able to function correctly.
- Fake: the KVM switch generates its own DDC/EDID information that may or may not be appropriate for the monitor that is attached. Problems may arise if there is an inconsistency between the KVM's specifications and the monitor's, such as not being able to select desired resolutions.
- Pass-through: the KVM switch attempts to make communication between the monitor and the system transparent. However, it may fail to do so in the following ways:
- generating Hot Plug Detect (HPD) events for monitor arrival or removal upon switching, or not passing monitor power states - may cause the OS to re-detect the monitor and reset the resolution and refresh rate, or may cause the monitor to enter to or exit from power-saving mode;
- not passing or altering MCSS commands - may result in incorrect orientation of the display or improper color calibration.
Microsoft guidelines recommend that KVM switches pass unaltered any I2C traffic between the monitor and the PC hosts, and do not generate HPD events upon switching to a different port while maintaining stable non-noise signal on inactive ports.[6][7]
Passive and active (electronic) switches[edit]
Mechanical switch for keyboard (serial, PS/2 connector) and video (VGA, DE-15 connector)
KVM switches were originally passive, mechanical devices based on multi-pole switches and some of the cheapest devices on the market still use this technology. Mechanical switches usually have a rotary knob to select between computers. KVMs typically allow sharing of two or four computers, with a practical limit of about twelve machines imposed by limitations on available switch configurations. Modern hardware designs use active electronics rather than physical switch contacts with the potential to control many computers on a common system backbone.
One limitation of mechanical KVM switches is that any computer not currently selected by the KVM switch does not 'see' a keyboard or mouse connected to it. In normal operation this is not a problem, but while the machine is booting up it will attempt to detect its keyboard and mouse and either fail to boot or boot with an unwanted (e.g. mouseless) configuration. Likewise, a failure to detect the monitor may result in the computer falling back to a low resolution such as (typically) 640x480. Thus, mechanical KVM switches may be unsuitable for controlling machines which can reboot automatically (e.g. after a power failure).
Another problem encountered with mechanical devices is the failure of one or more switch contacts to make firm, low resistance electrical connections, often necessitating some wiggling or adjustment of the knob to correct patchy colors on screen or unreliable peripheral response. Gold-plated contacts improve that aspect of switch performance, but add cost to the device.
Most active (electronic rather than mechanical) KVM devices provide peripheral emulation, sending signals to the computers that are not currently selected to simulate a keyboard, mouse and monitor being connected. These are used to control machines which may reboot in unattended operation. Peripheral emulation services embedded in the hardware also provides continuous support where computers require constant communication with the peripherals.
Some types of active KVM switches do not emit signals that exactly match the physical keyboard, monitor, and mouse, which can result in unwanted behavior of the controlled machines. For example, the user of a multimedia keyboard connected to a KVM switch may find that the keyboard's multimedia keys have no effect on the controlled computers.
Software alternatives[edit]
There are software alternatives to some of the functionality of a hardware KVM switch, such as Multiplicity, Input Director and Synergy, which does the switching in software and forwards input over standard network connections. This has the advantage of reducing the number of wires needed. Screen-edge switching allows the mouse to function over both monitors of two computers.
Remote KVM devices[edit]
There are two types of remote KVM devices that are best described as local remote and KVM over IP.
Local remote (Including KVM over USB)[edit]
Local remote KVM device design allows users to control computer equipment up to 1,000 feet (300 m) away from the user consoles (keyboard, monitor and mouse). They always need direct cable connection from the computer to the KVM switch to the console[8] and include support for standard category 5 cabling between computers and users interconnected by the switch device. In contrast, USB powered KVM devices are able to control computer equipment using a combination of USB, keyboard, mouse and monitor cables of up to 5 metres (16 ft).[9]
KVM over IP (IPKVM)[edit]
KVM switch over IP devices use a dedicated micro-controller and potentially specialized video capture hardware to capture the video, keyboard, and mouse signals, compress and convert them into packets, and send them over an Ethernet link to a remote console application that unpacks and reconstitutes the dynamic graphical image. This KVM over IP subsystem is typically connected to a system's standby power plane so that it's available during the entire BIOS boot process.These devices allow multiple computers to be controlled locally or globally with the use of an IP connection.[8] There are performance issues related with LAN/WAN hardware, standard protocols and network latency so user management is commonly referred to as 'near real time'.
Access to most remote or 'KVM' over IP devices today use a web browser but can even switch between two or more hard drives, although many of the stand-alone viewer software applications provided by many manufacturers are also reliant on ActiveX or Java.
Whitelisting[edit]
Some KVM chipsets or manufacturers require the 'whitelisting' or authority to connect to be implicitly enabled. Without the whitelist addition, the device will not work. This is by design and required to connect non-standard USB devices to KVMs. This is completed by noting the device's ID (usually copied from the Device manager in Windows), or documentation from the manufacturer of the USB device.
Generally all HID or consumer grade USB peripherals are exempt, but more exotic devices like tablets, or digitisers or USB toggles require manual addition to the white list table of the KVM.
Implementation[edit]
In comparison to conventional methods of remote administration (for example in-bandVirtual Network Computing or Terminal Services), a KVM switch has the advantage that it doesn't depend on a software component running on the remote computer, thus allowing remote interaction with base level BIOS settings and monitoring of the entire booting process before, during, and after the operating system loads. Modern KVM over IP appliances or switches typically use at least 128-bit data encryption securing the KVM configuration over a WAN or LAN (using SSL).
KVM over IP devices can be implemented in different ways. With regards to video, PCI KVM over IP cards use a form of screen scraping where the PCI bus master KVM over IP card would access and copy out the screen directly from the graphics memory buffer, and as a result it must know which graphics chip it is working with, and what graphics mode this chip is currently in so that the contents of the buffer can be interpreted correctly as picture data. Newer techniques in OPMA management subsystem cards and other implementations get the video data directly using the DVI bus. Implementations can emulate either PS/2 or USB based keyboards and mice. An embedded VNC server is typically used for the video protocol in IPMI and Intel AMT implementations.
KVM sharing devices[edit]
KVM sharing devices function in reverse compared to KVM switches; that is, a single PC can be connected to multiple monitors, keyboards, and mice. While not as common, this configuration is useful when the operator wants to access a single computer from two or more (usually close) locations - for example, a public kiosk machine that also has a staff maintenance interface behind the counter, or a home office computer that doubles as a home theater PC.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to KVM switches. |
References[edit]
- ^'A Close Look at Modern Keyboard/Video/Mouse Switching'(PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^Tony DeKerf, Gary D. Davis. 'The Keyboard/Video Switch White Paper'(PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^'Classes of KVM'.
- ^http://www.raritan.com/landing/kvm-selection-guide
- ^Tripp Lite: KVM Buying Guide, http://www.tripplite.com/products/kvmBuying-Guide
- ^'WHDC: Graphics Guide for Windows 7'. Microsoft. 2009-06-12.
- ^'WHDC: Display Guidelines for KVM Switches in Windows 7'. Microsoft. 2009-06-18.
- ^ abhttp://www.raritan.com/blog/detail/understanding-the-four-categories-of-kvm-switches
- ^http://www.epiphan.com/products/other-applications/kvm2usb/
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KVM_switch&oldid=934630137'